The Chikungunya Virus: Symptoms and Causes

The Chikungunya Virus Symptoms and CausesChikungunya virus, also known as Chikungunya fever, is just about often found in urban beas of India and also in otherwise countries such as Africa and other regions in Southeast Asia. They tend to appear in very crowded beas, which allow transmission of the virus to be to a greater extent efficient. It is a single stranded, enveloped RNA virus that is a part of the genus Alphavirus (Riezebos-Brilman). All Alphavirus atomic number 18 transmitted to Humans through infected mosquitoes, which for Chikungunya virus in particular, does not cause as deadly symptoms as does other viruses. Although Chikungunya has not been reported to cause death in Humans, its symptoms stomach still affect slightly individuals adversely. These symptoms can be long-lasting however they seem to eventually disappear. There is not mavin specialized treatment for Chikungunya fever, but it can be treated by the piece by each symptom (Chikungunya). Even though on that point ar not any specific treatments for Chikungunya fever, there are many saloon methods or strategies that can be used to avoid mosquitos.In order for Chikungunya virus to gain entrance into Humans, it must first infect mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected by biting Humans that are already infected with Chikungunya virus and the mosquitos can then infect Humans who are not infected. Specifically the vector that mainly transmits the infection is the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which are also known as the yellow fever mosquito (Chikungunya). After Aedes aegypti spreads the infection to Humans by biting into the skin, the virus primarily does all of its replication in the cytoplasm. It starts off by attaching its surface protein to the host cells receptor on its plasma membrane where it then enters the cell by endocytosis and transported to endosomes. Uncoating of the capsid occurs by acidification which involves a change in pH eventually causing the capsid to uncoat. The ca psid is a regular, icosahedral, twenty-faced structure that holds the genome. The genome is comprised of a positive single-stranded RNA, which is therefore classified as Baltimore class IV. When the genome is free of the capsid, it can skip transcription and go straight to mRNA processing (because it is a positive strand) and interlingual rendition in the cytoplasm. A crucial step that initiates translation involves eIF2-alpha, which allows normal-house keeping genes to shut off. Also, during translation, the first ORF is translated, which encodes for four particular proteins (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3 and nsP4) that makes replicase (a viral protein). Replicase forms the negative strand intermediate (42S RNA) and which forget then in turn create more positive stranded RNA. After translation, the capsid is assembled by ribosomes and the lipid-protein envelope ( except proteins in envelope are glycoproteins) is assembled at the plasma membrane where it egresses the cell by budding (Riezebos- Brilman).Upon replication of Chikungunya virus, there are many symptoms and diseases that affect Humans. Most symptoms start to show within one to twelve days and some eras symptoms do not even show. One of the most common symptoms that first appears is fever (which is why is it commonly known as Chikungunya fever). Fevers can be as high as 104F, which can last from days to weeks. Other common symptoms that appear in the beginning of infection are fever, chills, vomiting, joint pain, headaches, vomiting, swelling of joints, bleeding/hemorrhage, fatigue, muscle pain, and rash (Bhowmikb). One symptom in particular that is the most often seen symptom is arthritis. The word Chikungunya comes from an African understructure that means bend over, which is refers to arthritis (Just The Facts Chikungunya).Even though almost all of these symptoms can be prolonged (days to weeks to even months), they eventually disappear. The virus lipid envelope is what allows the resistant system to detect it. The symptoms are very similar to Dengue, which is seen in the same areas as where Chikungunya virus is present and also which is why Chikungunya virus is often misdiagnosed as Dengue. The only way to differentiate the difference between Dengue and Chikungunya virus is by performing a blood test (ELISA), which can be time consuming. Although it is important that the two diseases are distinguished from one another, many doctors use the symptoms to distinguish between the two viruses simply for the accompaniment because blood testing takes besides long (Chikungunya).Even after diagnoses, the virus or disease cannot be treated because there is no vaccine or a particular antiviral treatment. For the most part, symptoms are individually treated and medications such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, or naproxen are suggested to relive symptoms of fever, headaches, aching. Often times NSAIDA pills are given to those who are infected to treat only certain symptoms. There have been a few clini cal trials in the making. One for example, is a prototype vaccine that has been triple-crown in monkeys, but will soon be tested on Humans later this year. The vaccine is live and it allows the immune system to recognize the outside layer of the virus but does not allow the immune system to recognize the virus genome (which essentially prevents replication from occurring). They then isolated antibodies from the virus and plant them into mice, which were also protected against the virus (Maugh).Since there are only clinical trials in the making as of now and since there is not one specific treatment, it is highly recommended, that fluids are frequently taken. An abundance of rest is also recommended and also infected people should avoid staying out doors from other potential mosquito pictorial matter. Avoiding potential mosquito exposure will essentially help to avoid transmission rate in a given region to rise.It is a good idea to have prevention methods in mind since there is not a specific treatment for Chikungunya fever. An example of a prevention method is using mosquito repellents containing DEET (Bhowmikb) or Picaridin on costume and on the skin. Also when staying indoors, a well- displaceted/screened area or air conditioned areas would help prevent transmission. When outdoors, on the other hand, wearing long clothing that covers most of the skin can help prevent mosquito bites. Also, getting clear of any source of mosquitos around living areas would help prevent mosquito existence vastly. Areas such as birdbaths, standing water from flowering pots, barrels, and pet dishes would clear a large source of mosquitoes (Chikungunya).Large sources where mosquitoes usually exist are urban areas because Humans are good reservoirs for the virus. Those areas that are especially surrounded with poverty, environmental tragedies (such as natural disasters), tropical climate predominantly year round, and areas where public health is corrupted are prime spots for mosquitos and are also good spots for a virus to transmit by mosquito-Human-mosquito. Many third world countries are targets for Chikungunya fever. Countries such as India, Pakistan, South Africa, and the Philippines have been seen with problems with this particular disease. In areas where there is an abundance of mosquitos and where poverty has flourished, nets or screens are usually used to prevent mosquitos from entering households. Since there is an abundance of the disease in third world countries, there is an issue of money. Most of these countries cannot afford to provide every household with screening or net and therefore transmission becomes easier.Not only is location an issue but demographic is also. Anyone who is bitten by a mosquito is at peril for being infected, but some people show symptoms more than others. For instance, some individuals do not show any symptoms. This is primarily seen in children. Pregnant women can be at risk for fugacious it to their children. They can be infected at any time of their pregnancy but they are usually only at risk for passing it to their child if it is in their bloodstream during the time of delivery. Also, mortality rate is very low and is rarely seen but it does increase with increasing age.Perhaps the reason why Chikungunya fever is a problem in various countries around the world is due to the fact that there is no actual treatment and there is only medicine available to help ease the symptoms. Also it seems as if there have been various clinical trials (Dwivedi) arising due to a recent rising pandemic in countries such as India and South Africa. Though this virus is not viewed as detrimental compared to other viruses to populations because of low mortality rate, it still has been arising symptomatic problems in certain people, such as those who experience joint pains or swelling of joints for years (Chikungunya).Not only are the symptoms themselves a problem, but the fact that they can last for so long and they that they can cause multiple symptoms at one time. Since the virus does tend to show up frequently in third world countries money tends to be an issue. There are so many families whom come from poverty and cannot afford to pay for medication that requires to be taken over such a long period of time. Therefore if there were a specific treatment for Chikungunya virus, then maybe is would not be an pestilent in certain countries.

The Downside to Land Use and Urban Development Essay example -- Enviro

The Downside to Land Use and Urban Development Excessive land use and urban development are a problem, because it causes pollution and it robs animals of their homes. When adult male extends his boundaries into nature, nature has no choice but to go somewhere else. Expansion and population are the cause of this surroundal problem. I propose to set a standard for land development for every city. In that I also propose that each city should impose a set number of persons to suffer in that city. Each city must impose stricter guidelines for waste management. Finally I propose that the city set limits for development, and expansion. Land development causes danger to the environment by polluting the air and disrupting geological and animal status. Air pollution is a big problem with urban life. Large cities have the characteristic of having polluted skies. The environmental Protection Agency passed an act, through legislation, called the Clean Air Act. The CAA set standards for all cit ies (Environmental Politics and Policies, 195). Some of these cities that do not meet such standards include Los Angels, pertly York, Chicago, Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Houston. These limits are called National Ambient Air Quality Standards (189). The NAAQS sets a limit on the amount of Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbons, Air born Particulates, nitrogenoxides, lead, and sulfur oxides, and Ozone in the cities air. such standards apply for 7 (192). The definition for Ozone A strong oxidizing agent with disinfecting properties similar to chlorine also used in odor control and sludge affect (Environmental Engineering, 219). Ozone is present in the high atmosphere, but at lower levels can be one of the most harmful gases on Earth (Our Poison... ...constantly influenced by their sociable ruling. We dont have except this way of living, there needs to be a change. We need to prepare for the future, and save what we still have. We have to, to begin with its all gone. Works Cited 1.) Beyond the numbers Edited by Laurie Ann Mazur produce by Island Press, Washington DC 1994 2.) Environmental Politics and Policy create verbally by Walter A. Rosenbaum Published by Congressional Quarterly 1998 3.) Our poisoned Sky Written by Edward F. Dolan Published by Cobblehill books 1991 4.) Endangered Environments Written by James Colgney Published by Apple Tree Inc. 1994 5.) Dennis Plunkett (American Reality, Phoenix Az) Interviewed 11-14-98 6.)U.S. Census Bureau (WWW.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) 7.)Q and As About Land Fills (WWW.awma.org/awma/educate/outreach/landfill.html)

Physics of Beer :: physics alcohol beverage

Carbonated beverages contain dissolved carbon-dioxide gas. The way to get gas to dissolve in liquid is to pressurize the mixture, meaning that the pressure inside a beer can is greater than the pressure outside the can. This is why you see little talks spray out when you open a beer can. Breaking the seal depressurizes the mixture, causing the gas to come out of solution, starting with the gas closest to the top (thats where the pressure decrease starts). Because gas is lighter than liquid, as soon as it comes out of solution, it rises to escape the can. When it escapes, it carries with it a small amount of liquid from the very top of the can because that liquid is blocking its path.When beer is agitated (shaken), cavities multifariousness small bubbles, which then collect as foam on the surface. If you then open the bottle, and explosively decompress the beer, the foam eruption is the work Boyles law and flash by diffusion. On the other hand, if the shaken beer is allowed to sit for a while and decompress, the gass in the bubbles will be driven back into solution by the bubble skin tension making it safe to open.If you are impatient you can tap on the can. When you tap on the can, you knock bubbles off the bottom and sides of the can, at which point they rise to the top (because gas is lighter than liquid) and there is only a small amount of liquid blocking their escape when you open the can. As a matter of fact most bubbles do move upwards. The bubbles in the center of the glass, free from the effects of the wall, move upwards most quickly and imbibe liquid with them. But the liquid sorrowful up in the center of the glass, having nowhere else to go, must eventually turn towards the walls and start to move downward. The liquid moving downward near the walls tries to drag down bubbles with it. Larger bubbles have sufficient buoyancy to resist but smaller bubbles (less than 0.05 mm) are continuously dragged to the bottom of the glass.A stout like Guinness h as a creamier, longer lasting head than a canned lager beer beer. In addition, Guinness is less fizzy than a regular lager beer. Guinness is canned with a mixture of carbon dioxide and normality. Nitrogen is not absorbed into the beer nearly as well as carbon dioxide, so even though a can of Guinness may be at the same pressure as a can of lager, it contains less CO2 (and is therefore less fizzy) because the nitrogen makes up some of the pressure.

Cystic Fibrosis Essay examples -- essays research papers

Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes the bodys lungs to show a different type of mucus than a non-infected body would. The contaminated lungs will produce mucus that is thick and adhesive which clogs the lungs and leads to an unpleasant and abhorrent lung infection. CF also interferes with the pancreas, disallowing the digestive enzymes from breaking down and absorbing food in the intestine. This can result in low nutrition, feeble growth, excessive sweat production, difficulties in breathing, and sometimes lung disease. When producing extra sweat and mucus, the body loses salt. If too much salt is lost, it can cause abnormal heart rhythms, disturbance of minerals in the blood, and perhaps, shock. Children, as good as Adults can also be affected by this disease. Some afflicted infants usually show symptoms of the disease in its early life stages. Yet, others may experience the horrid and hazardous conditions later in life. The types of infections range differently between each person. There are more than a thousand mutations of the CF gene.Considering that Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder, it can only be inherited by an individuals DNA. The only possible way to transmit the mutation to the offspring is if both parents are either carriers or already infected by the disease. Once two carriers produce an offspring, there is a twenty-five percent chance that their sister will have Cystic Fibrosis a fifty perce...

Essay on Whartons Ethan Frome: Absence of Light and Life

Absence of Light and Life in Ethan Frome Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton is set in Starkfield, a small residential district plagued by harsh winters that seem to ebb away at life. In this town lives Ethan Frome, a stultifyd man who seems to be the physical embodiment of earthly suffering. An new arrival to the town, is drawn by Ethan. He is compelled to uncover the story behind the enigmatic man. What he discovers is a tragic tale of human suffering, an dainty example of tragic irony. Ethan was married to a cold complaining woman named Zenobia, nicknamed Zeena. His only joy in life was Zeenas younger cousin Mattie Silver, who stays with them as help for Zeena in her illness. Ethan grows to love Mattie. When Mattie is forced to leave by Zenobia, Ethan discovers that Mattie shares his love. However the two cannot find a way to escape the town they live in to start a new life together. Caught up in a rush of passion, they try to commit suicide and fail. Ethan is crippled and Mattie i s paralyzed. They can now never leave town for a life together. And Ethan is doomed to a life of silence with two complaining women. Edith Whartons writing style in Ethan Frome is impeccable. On the surface, Ethan Frome is alone a good story. Mrs. Wharton however adds incredible depth by the careful use of description, and symbolism. And her use of irony makes the tragedy of the story even more poignant. An small example of the symbolism in the book is the relationship between the weather of starkfield and the main characters of the book. Ethan Frome is living proof of what winters in Starkfield do to the human soul. As the narrator exclaims in the prologue, Why, he looks as if he were dead and in hell now. A close examination of Mrs. W... ...ave, it seemed to Ethan that she had become an alien presence, an evil sinew secreted from the long years of silent brooding. Ethan was drawn to Mattie because she represented all things summer and happiness to him. He rejected Zeena wh o had become the living symbol of silence, winter and unhappiness. The tragic irony of Ethan Frome was that after the smash-up Mattie became the complaining cold person while Zeena has to take on Matties role as a caretaker. Ethan is now a cripple who can only stay during the long winters of Starkfield. And also the long winters of moral isolation of silence and unhappiness and brood on what might have been. As Ethan comments in the prologue on his experience in the warmth of Florida winters, Yes I was down there once, and for a good while afterward I could call up the sight of it in a winter. But now its all snowed under.

The Shoe Industry :: essays research papers

The Shoe IndustryThe fit out industry is one of the biggest money leasers in the market, however itsfacing many changes, rushes, and difficulties. The big power in the industry isNike inc. which all the other companies are trying to be like. Some changes arethe industry as a whole is moving there factories to the far east such as China.The reason for this is they are trying to save costs for producing there enclotheby paying there workers less because they are in the far east. Nike and Reebokhave already been in the east. The clothe industry not including Nike inc. istrying to make rushes to be number one, two, and three. Another rush theindustry is making, is the rush for the dead problem of sports post. In otherwords coming up with shoes for the sports that are in season. The difficultiesthe shoe industry has are making shoes that all people wear such as setting astyle for both inner metropolis people and suburb people. Another difficulty theshoe industry has is getting its s tock value to rise again because all but Nikeand Filas stock has dropped. This is what the shoe industry is all about andthe difficulties, problems, and advances it has.There are four major companies in the shoe industry. The dominant industryis Nike inc.. Then going down the line is Reebok, Fila, and Adidas. Nike beingthe superpower has been in front of all the other industries for many years.Right now Reebok is the closest company to Nike and is $2,459 behind in valuein MIL. Nikes earnings in the last quarter leaped 24% which has pleased WallStreet investors. With such earnings Nike announced a 2-to-1 stock split, itssecond in many years. Nike and Reebok are far ahead than the other companiesbecause there factories are already in the far east, and other companies arejust starting to work them. With Nikes earnings so high itll be very hardfor any of the companies to take over the number one spot. Also, itll be hardto get the peoples promote in there products because most people h ave faith inNike. Reebok number two in the industry is facing many problems. First, thereis clash between the management spots for Reebok. Second, Reebok is havingdifficulty finding sports stars to endorse there products. Finally, Reeboksstock has dropped and is still dropping. The reason for this is the people donot prefer the shoes in how they look and how comfortable they are.

Impact of the Enlightenment, Economics, and Geography on The American Revolution :: Essays on American Revolution

Many things contributed to the American Revolution besides the American peck themselves. Some influential ideas that contributed to the Revolution are Enlightenment ideas. The Enlightenment thinkers behind these ideas are John Locke, and Voltaire. Economics also had I major impact on the American Revolution. geographics also played a major part the uprising of the American Revolution. There were many Enlightenment ideas that provoked the American colonists to jump-start the American Revolution. John Locke was very influential with his ideas of consent of g everywherened, and limited Monarchy. Voltaire also had great ideas which contribute to the American Revolution such as that the government should be run by Natural Law instead of Gods Law. In war time it is a proven fact that the British economy boasts just exchangeable in the French and Indian War. In the act of trade and navigation Britain forced the American colonies to trade only with English or ships heavily taxed by Englan d. In 1764 Parliament passed a law saying sugar and molasses were to be tax, and paid in cash. This act was c altogethered the Sugar Act. To pay in cash was peculiarly hard for colonist because they relied on the barter system. In 1765 Parliament passed another law were colonist had to pay taxes on official seals on legal papers, compete cards, and newspapers. This was called the Stamp Act. This was also to be paid in cash. In result of anger toward England for passing all these laws and acts the colonists organized, boycotting all of the things taxed by the Stamp Act. In 1774 the British punished the Massachusetts colony for there acts at the Boston Tea Party. The British moved the Capital to Salem. They closed Boston Harbor. England also sent 4000 force to enforce these laws. In result of all this Americans set up the First Continental Congress. They decided to stop all trade with England and organized colonial militias. This was all ignored by England. The colonies in return s et up the Continental Congress. The declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. After these events war was inevitable with England. Geography had a major effect on the start of the American Revolution. The Atlantic Ocean separated England and the American colonies, but still the British demanded control over the united states. The proclamation of 1763 was a Royal order to stop the colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains.